Marketing is seen as a business function Essay Example

Marketing is seen as a business function Essay Conventionally, marketing is seen as a business function. The goal is to identify the needs and wants of consumers, determine which target markets to serve, design appropriate products, services and programs, and then publicise and deliver these offerings. This view of marketing is important, but it is a partial view. The discipline is more than a business function it is also embodies an attitude of mind.Everyone in the organisation is encouraged to focus on customers. The goal is to create customer satisfaction profitably by building valued relationships with customers, clients, suppliers, distributors, and others. This is about shaping attitudes and behaviour among all employees, not just those whose business function is formally described by the marketing label. This underscores the fact that the principles of marketing have a central role to play in contemporary businesses such as Qantas and within society.In many ways the current marketing activities within Qantas are following traditional and well-tried methods which reflect decisions regarding the product/service provision of routes, seat allocation and types, in-flight and ground-based services, the price structure, distribution channels and promotional activity. The marketing environment, however, is becoming more competitive, as external influences have affected the efficiency and profitability of the airline industry. Many developments have been technologically pushed: thus larger aircrafts have increased capacity, leading to reduced real fares and improved many aspects of the in-flight experience (though the tendency to large aircrafts might have ended with the introduction of smaller plans (Jetstar) to fly domestically);computer reservation systems have simplified bookings; airport infrastructure improved within the Qantas terminals to improve pre- and post-flight aspects of travel, and investments by government agencies to improve flight navigational systems and air traffic control to advance the punctuality of all airlines.Marketing Planning ProcessPlanning is an essential component for success in any business operation. In order for a business to infiltrate a marketing program, a business needs a plan which will put the objectives of the business in to prospect and makes them easier to achieve. The way in which a company does this is to create a marketing plan, which requires 5 main steps in its process.Analyse Present Marketing Situation (situation analysis)This situation analysis should then be summarized in a SWOT analysis showing the important Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats facing the firm. The external environmental factors may impose threats on the firms ability to operate, or they may create opportunities to develop new products, increase market share, or develop new markets. By analysing the firms existing resources, both human and financial, the marketing manager can gain an understanding of the firms strengths and weaknesses and hence develop its marketing strategies to build on its strengths and reduce the influence of its weaknessesThe blanket approach of mass marketing was touted by marketing professionals of years past, todays industry experts are singing the praises of one-to-one, or relationship marketing. And rightfully so. Todays consumers are savvier than ever before. With access to nearly any piece of information they want via the Internet, consumers dont want salespeople spouting off scripted presentations. Rather, they need advocates who are willing to help them find real solutions. How can you do that? By learning who your customers are; by finding out their real needs; and by offering them tailored products and services that work for them. The first step in attaining those lofty goals is to choose a customer base that is appropriate for your business. In order to find out who your target market is there are three steps that need to be followed:I. Identify Potential CustomersII. Conducting Market ResearchIII. C hoosing a Target MarketQantas airlines offer a range of products and services which allows them to have different market segments with different wants and needs. Knowing who their customers are and what they want allows them to compete more effectively while products are able to be defined and altered according to their price, place of sale determined. Promotions are also better focused for each market segment. e.g. Customers who are after more space, personal laptops, personal phone and other luxury items are able to buy a first class or business class ticket, parallel are those customers who want a standard seat and would benefit from buying a economy seat. In order to provide the best products and services, Qantas has to conduct market research to find out who their customers are and what they are after. Research is performed by a range of research technique such as surveys of passengers in flight, mail based surveys, complaint monitoring and discussion with customers by contacti ng staff, all of which are primary sources of data collection. Secondary data includes government statistics, airlines magazines etc.Another major component of Analysing the Present Marketing Situation (situation analysis) is the prediction of market opportunities .Businesses use a SWOT analysis when evaluating themselves and the competitors. The SWOT Analysis enables the businesses such as Qantas to identify what their Strengths are, and try to further develop these; where its Weakness are and try to overcome them and improve in these areas; what possible Opportunities are in the marketplace; and what threats could arise from changes in external influencesStrengths70% domestic market share with 90% of corporate marketExcellent airport locationGlobally recognized brand name andlogoCurrently one of the most profitable airlinesOne of the worlds safest airlineIntroduction of Jetstar into the low cost airline industry.WeaknessesSpeculations British airways will withdraw its $1.3 share i n QantasHigh labour costsGovernment refuses to lift foreign ownership restrictionsOpportunitiesDeveloping further e-commerce operationsExpanding its travel, catering and freight divisionContinually evolving aircraft technologyTake advantage of aviation growth in Asian Pacific region.ThreatsIncrease in government regulations preventing takeoversContinuing international threats creating a weaker market/economySWOT analysis of QantasIdentify Target MarketFor effective advertising a firm should first identify its customer (Target Market) in order to decide how advertising and other forms of promotion mesh with the various parts of the marketing mix (product-place-price-promotion) and to better reach the customer while creating an appropriate image.We regard the Target Market as those customers on whom you will place primary emphasis when developing an advertising program. In other words, the Target Market will not include everyone. To be able to develop a profile of your Target Market, you need to first determine the characteristics of the Consumer Market in order to learn who the potential customers for your market are. The characteristics of your Consumer Market include: Age, Income, Education, Occupation, Marital Status, Gender, Life Style, Consumption Patterns and Reasons for Purchase.The airline industry offers a range of services which caters for many transportation needs. Qantas has four main air services ranging from international to their new low cost domestic carrier. These four airlines generally differ on the destinations they fly as well as their pricing of tickets. All four of these airlines attract different customer, further more, within each of these airlines, they segment the market into even smaller categories by offering a variety of facilities onboard each airline, e.g. Business, First and Economy class.Fig1.1Qantass passenger transportation attracts the highest amount of revenue out of all there subsidiary and associated businesses (fig 1.1). Qantass marketing team promotes this sector of the business as well as the Tour and Travel sector to the general public, while their Freight services are directed at companies rather then consumers .The other remanding companies associated with Qantass core operations were developed to cut costs for passenger services and therefore require no marketing towards any consumer groups.Determine marketing objectivesThe marketing objectives of a business set down the goals which businesses wish to maintain or develop in the future operation of the company. Qantas which is a public company listed on the Australian Stock Exchange has a duty towards its fellow shareholders. Operating as a public company means that the marketing objectives are developed in order to satisfy the shareholder, and consequently this leads to the core objective of Qantas is to make a profit. The profit created will provide the shareholders with a satisfactory return on their investments (fig 1.2) as well as to gene rate enough profit in reserve to fund expansion and acquisition of new aircrafts. Qantass primary aim to maintain affordable air travel in order to keep enough demand to sustain profits will help reach this main objective of theirs.Fig 1.2Other such objectives include:* Maintain Its domestic market share of 70%* Increase internet sales( currently accounting for 28% , a 50% increase form last year)* Increased customer services* Decrease operating costs, aprox. $1 billion over a 2 year period* Develop non-flying services, so Qantas doesnt base its total reliance on its flying services and has is able to fall back onto non-flying businesses when air travel have decreased.* Introduce new routes and expand the corporate sizeSelect appropriate Marketing Mix (Develop Marketing Strategies)When you establish your marketing objectives, you are really asking what are the companys aims. These aims can only be achieved through the development of marketing strategies. It is now up to management t o develop strategies that will satisfy the wants and needs of the target markets and ultimately achieve its marketing objectives. Qantas has successfully created subsidiary and associated companies in order to lower the cost of operations. Qantass well organisation of companies allows them to work together to capitialise on their corporate strengths and minimise the effect of any weaknesses they may have. Whether companies increase sales, create new products(Jetstar), drop prices or increase the amount of advertising they usually refer to what is known as the Marketing mix.Fig 1.3: Standard Marketing mixThe Marketing mix consists of four elements. The Product (and service) offered for sale, the place (distribution) networks of the businesses, the promotional activities and the pricing structure. These interdependent products are coordinated to make up the businesss tactics.Qantass businesses will all have a different marketing mix; therefore we cannot have a look at Qantas as one co mpany in detail. As the elements are interdependent, the differentiating products and services will influence the price which they will sell for, the different PS are available from different locations and depending on which PS you look at, there promotional activity changes.Preparing the Marketing PlanThe final stage in the marketing planning process is the marketing plan. The marketing plan organises and puts the information discussed above in a structured and understandable report that will direct and communicate the objectives and strategies of the business and ultimately set the businesses direction. The marketing plan also provides the implementation process, cost involved as well as expected revenue that will be generated. How the Marketing actions will be monitored and controlled will also be discussed.Over the past four years the international market has become far more volatile, particularly since the terrorist activities of September 11, 2001. Qantas and its part-owner Br itish Airways (BA) have maintained a strong alliance in the face of turmoil in the aviation industry generally. While BA has become cash strapped, Qantas has remained cash positive and profitable. Qantass strategy is to remain flexible-not only by ensuring that its fleet can operate as a single-class carrier or be quickly converted to a mix of business and economy class, but also by cutting costs. Importantly it plans to ensure that its non-airline businesses stay profitable. These businesses accounted for 30 per cent of the companys profits in the six months to December 2001, and include Qantas Flight Catering Ltd, Qantas Holidays, Qantas Defence Systems, Australian Air Express, Qantas Business Travel and also includes its frequent flyer programs and co-branded credit card operations.Marketing Strategies in QantasOver the past year, Qantas has been conducting in-flight questionnaires that are completed during the flight in order to monitor customer satisfaction. Hidden within these questionnaire answers were valuable insights about the drivers of overall satisfaction and of customers intent to purchase. The 1,500 questionnaires gathers were analysed and gave Qantas statistically how important customers stated satisfaction with each product and service feature (such as seating, cabin crew or entertainment).From these they were able to identify which areas would incremental investment have the biggest business impact on. The results from this survey are below.From the questionnaires, it is apparent that there needs to be certain investments that are needed to be made into improving customer satisfactions. Such areas as entertainment, cabin crew, seating and check-ins are all proving to be performing under the customers expectation level. These results attained in 2002 have allowed Qantas to make significant changes to their business and improve customer satisfaction.Food Service and In-flight diningThe food service and In-flight dinning was well approved by the customer, but Qantas believed there was still room for improvements. In December 2002, Qantas introduced new menus and larger serving to those traveling in international economy class as well as Snack on Q, an assortment of snacks all in a drawstring bag. In September 2003, Qantas introduced more flexible and healthier menu choices for those traveling business and first class, as well as providing a room service like breakfast meal.Check-insCheck-in were a major time consuming issue which irritated many customers, Qantas introduced a new system called QuickCheck .These self service kiosks in Sydney and Melbourne domestic terminals were installed in August 2002.QuicChecl provide a fast flight check-in service for all the passengers who have no language and are able to get checked-in in less than a minute. There are also plans to expand the Quick Check kiosk to Canberra and Brisbane.EntertainmentQantas also needed a entertainment investment as there old system was proving to fall beh ind and other airlines were a lot more advanced in their in-flight entertainment systems. Qantas invested more than $300million on upgrading there in-flight entertainment system on it Boeing 747s.The new systems includes video screens mounted on the back of chairs-offering movies and video games for the Economy class. Business and First class received new individual touch screen monitors as well as in-seat power points, while all classes received personal telephones.All the following things are a few thing Qantas had invested in to provide a better Product to its consumers. Qantas has all used other strategies concerning Price, Place and Promotion to increase customer numbers and make Qantas the brand of choice.PlaceQantas has to provide easily accessible ticketing and purchaseing facilities to maintain a large customer base.Accessablity is an important factor which relies on both direct and in-direct distribution channels.Directly, customers can visit any of the Qantas Travel Centr es called Qantas holiday or such companies as Viva and Jetabout which are also partly owned by Qantas.This vertical intergration Qantas has invested in limits the likelihood of owner entity selling compeditors tickets.Other services such as telephone and airport ticket sales are were also installed to make the process quicker and more efficient.Marketing is probably the key ingredient in a companys success. It is hugely important factor in how companies differentiate themselves and get a competitive edge. With airlines we are fighting against becoming a commodity and the way to do that is marketing, positioning ourselves as a company that is offerings something different from our competitors. Geoff Dixon

buy custom Case Report on National Australia Bank (NAB) essay

buy custom Case Report on National Australia Bank (NAB) essay Introduction Analyzing case study Australian Banks in Asia, it is necessary to say that Australian business begins to integrate into Chinese market. National Australia Bank (NAB) is one of the most active players in the Chinese market. However, the main challenge of NAB is management issue that is connected with cultural differences between Australian and Chinese markets. Cultural differences between markets concern many banks at the present time; therefore, it is important to regard this management issue. Management issue is a problem that prevents the company from the development and growth in the market. Management issues can be connected with strategic renewal, structure, governance, communication, culture, and leadership, especially when it concerns international market. Cultural differences between markets should be studied due to globalization of business and its integration into international market. This report will reveal peculiarities of NAB operating in the Chinese markets and recommend the ways of solving the management issues concerning cultural differences. The report aims to prove that the cultural difference is the main barrier that prevents NAB from successful integration into Chinese market. The main purpose of this report is to identify management issue and evaluate development and strategies of NAB in the Chinese banking market. Issue Identification For NAB, the Chinese market appears to be challenging since there are numerous regulatory limitations as well as cultural differences in many areas. The Chinese market has tough conditions for all kinds of business and thus, even such successful Australian bank as NAB requires additional investment to employ Chinese human resources and attract Chinese customers. Understanding cultural differences is a must for global business. Indeed, NAB runs business in other nations such as China, Britain, or the USA as it is a wonderful opportunity to get large profits and win the respective market (Staniuline, 2009). From the case study, it is evident that cultural implications have an impact on reception and longevity of a new brand regardless of bank's services, experience, and size. Anothe management issue is that NAB cannot operate in Chinese market of other domestic banks and impose its values. It means that NAB should save its cultural identity and be respectful to Chinese traditions of business. International business practices require knowledge of cultural differences to avoid misunderstanding and conflicts. Besides, it is important for NAB to be tolerant of Chinese management styles to gain new opportunities and agreement (Raspin, 2007). Critical Discussion The case study shows that cultural differences can be both driving and restraining force while operating in the global business community such as China. However, it has been argued that the management issues of NAB are connected with differences between Australian and Chinese values. Hofstede's theory of organizational culture is applicable in this particular case and it helps to show the differences between Australian and Chinese markets. The argument centered on whether Hofstede's theory of organizational culture may solve the problem of cultural differences between Chinese and Australian markets (Alvesson, 2002). Power distance concerns social inequality including the issues of race and gender. In countries with high power distance, subordinates have high dependency to superiors and don't disagree with superiors directly (Khastar, 2011, 321). In Australia, power distance is not so evident and thus, social inequalities and discrimination are not typical for NAB. The huge Chinese market is attractive, but its culture is a major issue for NAB. China has high power distance. Uncertainty avoidance is another factor that defines organizational culture. It develops good corporate strategy and strategic leadership (Brooks, 1997). Uncertainty avoidance index (UAI) is high in both China and Australia. In cultures with high UAI, people try to be structured, and behave what they are expected and want to know that will happen in the future (Khastar, 2011, 321). This cultural aspect proves that NAB has all opportunities of being successful in Chinese market. Another cultural difference between Chinese and Australian banking markets concerns individualism and collectivism. IIndividualism versus collectivism is regarded with the degree of people feeling belonged to a group and the identity of relations between group and people (Khastar, 2011, 321). Chinese culture is collective, while Australian culture is individual. It is a crucial gap between them. Masculinity versus femininity is another cultural barrier for Australian bank in Chinese market. In Australian society, both women and men share the same set of values and have equal rights. On the other hand, China is a masculine society, where men have more rights than women, and the latter are treated with injustice. NAB can provide equal rights for men and women, and this will help to improve customers responsiveness. The strength of NAB is that it is not afraid of cultural differences with China and it does not look for easy ways such as European and American banking markets. Hofstede's theory of organizational culture is not always ideal and relevant. It does not presuppose the variety of human societies. It is necessary to take into consideration that within a Chinese society, there can be other cultural groups that also have their peculiarities. The limitation of Hofstede's theory of organizational culture is that it does not consider different cross-cultural behavioral patterns. It is evident that this theory does not help to solve the main management issue of NAB. In China, NAB has the problems employing local managers in order to double the amount of branches (Rasmussen and Wangel, 2006). On the contrary, it is evident that Hofstede's theory of organizational culture is still relevant because cultural issues remain unsolved. Moreover, globalization of domestic organization is a must for its transfer on the international level, and Hofstede's theory shows the obstacles that it should remove in order to operate in the international environment (Raspin, 2003). Moreover, it has been determined that in modern international market, banks are ready to implement cultural management to avoid disagreement and conflicts with their customers. It is argued that Hofstede's theory of organizational culture is still applicable in current business world because globalization and internationalization are the two driving forces that destroy boundaries between cultures (Schermerhorn, 2013). Buy custom Case Report on National Australia Bank (NAB) essay

The art deco Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The art deco - Research Paper Example Mathematical geometric shapes formed the basis of the structure of most Art Deco design patterns. They were generally seen to have trapezoidal, zigzag and triangular shapes, chevron patterns, stepped forms and sunburst motifs . Floral patterns and images of botanical objects were also part of the design. Plain or geometric fabrics were mostly used in Art Deco. Smooth fabrics such as wools, silks that lacked texture were used. Cushions sometimes covered in fabrics that contrasted with the rest of the body were sometimes used to enhance boldness. Art Deco reflected a shift to lighter and more neutral shades that had a metallic undertone. Popular colors in this design are such shades as black, gray, silver, white and brown variations. Bolder colors such as yellow, red, gold, green and blue were used minimally and were muted. Exotic pastels were a popular accent color at the time when Art Deco was popular. Art Deco fashion formed the next fashion look after the decline of art nouveau. It had two phases between 1910 to 1924 and between 1924 to 1930 . The former was built around neoclassical/ peasant designs while the latter was more minimalistic, with a modern touch. The first phase was led by Paul Poiret . He launched his first works in 1908 which was slim, simple, high waisted dresses that were delicately layered and exotic in style. His use of shades of pink, purple, blue, green and gold was inspired by his interest in Fauve paintings. In 1911, Paul organized the thousand and one night Ball.

Thorr Motorcycles Inc. Perceptual maps marketing simulation Essay

Thorr Motorcycles Inc. Perceptual maps marketing simulation - Essay Example The using perceptual maps marketing simulation was a great experienced for me. The simulation taught me the importance of product differentiation and positioning. The company showcased in the simulation was called Thorr Motorcycles Inc.The company is dedicated to manufacturing motorcycles. The company holds a market share of 40% in an oligopoly marketplace. Perceptual maps are used in the simulation to develop a positioning strategy. A perceptual map is the visual representation of the customer’s perception of a brand. In the simulation I served the role of marketing manager. In the first round of the simulation I had to choose four marketing parameters to develop the positioning strategy. The first parameter I choose is price. Customers in all industries always pay close attention to the price of the product or service. The second parameter chosen was lifestyle image. A lot of customers in the motorcycle industry purchase motorcycles because of the image it represents. The th ird parameter I choose was service offering. A survey showed that customers perceive the service of Thorr Motorcycles to be poor. The final parameter I choose was quality engineering. Along with price quality is a very important attribute that all customers evaluate when making a purchase. The four parameters I choose were the optimal solution for the company. The second round of the simulation involved making some strategic decisions. I had to create a marketing plan that will reposition the CruiserThorr or launch a new motorcycle. The marketing budget for the plan was $13 million. One of the tools that were provided in the simulation in order to help me make a decision was a SWOT analysis. The four elements of a SWOT analysis are strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. One of the threats discussed in the SWOT is that fact that rising unemployment will decrease the expenditure in lifestyle products. The company’s competitors have low-cost motorcycles that are all geared to attract the younger customers. The CruiserThorr has penetrated the market well, but the product has reached the maturity stage of its product lifecycle. I decided against repositioning the CruiserThorr. My solution was introducing the RRoth model. The second step of round two was deciding the marketing mix of the company among the following four variables: price, place, services, and promotion. The marketing mix of a product can be used to implement a differentiation strategy. The price I chose was in the $13,000 to $15,000 range. At that price range the company will achieve maximum customer reach. The places I choose to sell the RRoth were distributors, dealers, and the internet. Young customers in the United States are using the internet more everyday to make purchases. In 2010 e-commerce sales in the US reached $153 billion. The services I decided to offer were training to dealers, customization options, and financial services. The promotion alternatives I decided to im plement were sponsor events such as Daytona, offer insurance and protection plans, hire celebrities for endorsement, and publicize through Hollywood films. The total costs of my marketing plan were $12,385,000. I achieved savings for the company of $615,000. In the third round of the simulation I had to create and rate the perceptual maps of both motorcycle products. The four attributes of the perceptual map of the CruiserThorr were lifestyle image, price, service offering, and quality engineering. My ratings on a scale of 1 to 10 for lifestyle image, price, service offering, and quality engineering were 10,7,6,9 respectively. The four variables I choose for the perceptual map of the RRoth were price, cool, service offerings and lifestyle image. The rating for price, cool service offering, and lifestyle image were 10,9,8,8. The simulation indicated that I should have added the parameter of quality engineering in the RRoth. A differentiation strategy is used to create a unique produc t that that has different attributes than the competition. A positioning strategy is different

Domestic or Foreign Policy Issue Essay Example for Free

Domestic or Foreign Policy Issue Essay The political system of the United States has it that the three branches of government are independent and co-equal. In all policy issues, both domestic and foreign, the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary function separately but in support of the other two. In the War on Terror of the United States of America the three branches of government have each a separate role to do. The Constitution assigns to the President as Chief Executive, the chief command of the armed forces, matters related to foreign relations and the administration of the laws of the land. He is granted broad powers, such as in the Detainee Treatment Act, when the nation’s security is threatened and is at risk and as Vice President Dick Cheney said, â€Å"the Bush administration’s effort to keep the nation safe†. The justification is to â€Å"maximize the exercise of power to protect the nation,† because in the War on Terror, the president is vested with the â€Å"authority to establish rules related to both the detention and trial of alleged enemy combatants† (Corn, 2008). Congress is the law maker of the nation. Joint Resolution 23 or the War Powers Resolution of both Houses of Congress, gave the President â€Å"specified procedures †¦ regarding military action of the United States †¦ [which is the] responsible policy making that the Constitution assigns to the Congress† (Frye, 2002). The Courts are the final arbiters on questions of law, put simply the Judiciary interprets the Laws. In the War on Terror, the Supreme Court overruled both Congress and the President when it â€Å"struck down a provision of the Detainee Treatment Act that limited the access to judicial review by detainees in Guantanamo seeking to challenge their classification as enemy combatants† and in another instance when it â€Å"struck down assertions of plenary presidential authority to establish rules related to both the detention and trial of alleged enemy combatants† (Corn, 2008). In the War on Terror the three co-equal branches of government are carrying out their constitutional mandates, in their own independent forms to keep the country safe. References Corn, Geoffrey S. (2008, June 18). Boumediene v. Bush and the Role of the Courts in the War on Terror. Retrieved January 22, 2009 from http://www. worldpoliticsreview. com/article. aspx? id=2310 Frye, Alton. (2002, April 17). Applying the War Powers Resolution to the War on Terrorism. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved January 22, 2009 from http://www. cfr. org/publication/4514/ Swarns, Rachel L. (2008, December 21). Cheney Defends Bush on President’s Role. The New York Times. Retrieved January 22, 2009 from http://www. nytimes. com/2008/12/22/us/politics/22veeps. html? Mount, Steven. (2009, January 20). Constitutional Topic: The Government. US Constitution Online. Retrieved January 22, 2009 from http://www. usconstitution. net/consttop_govt. html

Language Acquisition :: essays research papers fc

CONTENT Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 Main body 1. Language acquisition †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†¦.......†¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 2. The stages of language acquisition †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦......†¦..   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 2.1. The prelinguistic stage †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.........†¦...........†¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7 2.2. Babbling †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........†¦...........†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7 2.3. One-word utterances †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦....†¦...........†¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9 2.4. Two-word utterances †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..............†¦..†¦....   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 2.5. Telegraphic speech †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........†¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 2.6. Language learning during the pre-school period †¦..  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  16 3. The critical period †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......†¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  17 4. The summary of behaviours to expect of children with normally developing speech and language †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  19 5. The language acquisition cannot be sped up †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20 6. Tips to help develop speech communication in a child †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  22 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  24 Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  25 INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Children’s acquisition of language has long been considered one of the uniquely defining characteristics of human behaviour.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Still today, it is the commonly held belief that children acquire their mother tongue through imitation of the parents, caregivers or the people in their environment. Linguists too had the same conviction until 1957, when a then relatively unknown man, A. Noam Chomsky, propounded his theory that the capacity to acquire language is in fact innate. This revolutionized the study of language acquisition, and after a brief period of controversy upon the publication of his book, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, in 1964, his theories are now generally accepted as largely true. As a consequence, he was responsible for the emergence of a new field during the 1960s, Developmental Psycholinguistics, which deals with children’s first language acquisition. He was not the first to question our hitherto mute acceptance of a debatable concept – long before, Plato wondered how children could possibly acquire so complex a skill as language with so little experience of life. Experiments have clearly identified an ability to discern syntactical nuances in very young infants, although they are still at the pre-linguistic stage. Children of three, however, are able to manipulate very complicated syntactical sentences, although they are unable to tie their own shoelaces, for example. Indeed, language is not a skill such as many others, like learning to drive or perform mathematical operations – it cannot be taught as such in these early stages. Rather, it is the acquisition of language which fascinates linguists today, and how it is possible. Noam Chomsky turned the world’s eyes to this enigmatic question at a time when it was assumed to have a deceptively simple explanation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Further in this term-paper I am going to describe the stages in child language acquistion starting from the very birth of an infant till the onset of puberty. LANGUAGE ACQUISTION There are many facts that are intriguing about the language.

Support individuals in their last days of life

In the person's last days If known others may like to spend a lot of time with the person but others may not want to see them like that and just want to eave the better memories as people can't handle seeing the person looking very frail as this cannot be very nice, but it all depends on how each person can handle the situation and it is also hard as you don't know whether to expect the worst each time you go into their room as they could have passed away. It can cause a lot of stress within the home setting and people will be very sad but we have to do our best to try and keep them as happy and as calm as they can be.Common signs of approaching death, you can never know when someone Is going to die but there is always a sign such as they May- Lose their appetite the person may begin to resist or refuse to eat meals or any drink fluids. Become very fatigue or sleepy- The person may begin to sleep the majority of the day and night as metabolism slows and the decline In food and water contribute to dehydration. Physical weakness- As the person Is declining food and sleeping a lot they will find that they have no energy.Confusion or disorientation- Organs begin to fail including the brain they may start to forget where they are or what they are doing. Change in breathing- Breath intakes and exhales can become very irregular. Social withdrawal- As the body starts to shut down they may gradually lose interest in being around those that are close to them. Swelling in feet and ankles- Coolness in tips of fingers and toes. Good end of life care helps patients with life-limiting conditions to live as well as possible until they die, and to die with dignity.End of life care encompasses palliative care, which focuses on managing pain and other distressing symptoms, providing psychological, social and spiritual support to the patients, and supporting those that are close to the patient. All patients should be treated with dignity and aspect throughout the course of their c are. Patients who are dying must receive the same standard of care as all other patients. Their privacy, dignity and wishes must be respected at all times, by listening and achieving their wishes can make them feel more relaxed and less distressed.Making sure your patient has good pain relief, making sure they are always comfortable, having other people around them to keep them occupied or even little things like listening to the radio or watching television if they enjoy doing this. Making sure your patient has everything and everyone they deed around them, some people may not want to be like this some people may want to go alone and this needs to be respected even If their family members or loved ones want to be with them you have to respect the fact they want to be alone as long as they are comfortable.There are rules governing when life-prolonging treatment can be withheld or withdrawn when the patient's consent is not available, the professionals in charge of the person's care, should decide whether treatment should be continued or not. They should consider whether the treatment is in the best interests of the client in terms of quality of life and how long they will live and if the treatment is helping to improve their condition. If the patient still has the capacity to decide whether or not they want to carry on or stop with the treatment it is their own choice as they still have the capacity to their rights.Also it needs to be remembered that the client should always be center of the care. Some of the signs that death has occurred are they- Have stopped breathing No heartbeat Loss of bowel and bladder control No response Eyelids slightly open Eyes fixed on a certain spot Mouth slightly open The body cools When a client does become to near the end of life or even ill from the start you have to work with other professionals at first you may start with the GAP to diagnose the patient and they would then refer them to the hospital if required if not they w ould give you prescriptions for the right medication to treat them.You would also work with district nurses if required if a client had a bed sore. You would work with the pharmacy to make sure you receive all the medication and on time and to order when needed. A patient should be monitored regularly; everything that the patient goes should be recorded and documented correctly making sure they are legible, accurate, relevant and clear. Things that may get monitored- Food intake charts Fluid intake Charts Continence checks Positioning Chart Checking Temperature Body maps to mark if they have any bed sores If they were in pain or how much pain.Some people may not be able to tell you how much or if they are in pain so in some care homes they use pain rating scales, Faces tool, Disability distress assessment tool (Distant), Body charts/ Maps or its even suggested if the patient is able to keep a pain diary. Everyone approaching the end of life should have their needs assessed and their wishes and any preferences discussed, any actions reflecting their choices they make about the care they would like to receive should all be recorded in their own personal care plan especially as some people in advance want to refuse treatment, the care plan should be regularly reviewed.Once a client enters into the dying phase the care providers need to adapt their care and support according to the care plan, also the client may have a preferred place of death which they had discussed in their are plan this should be reviewed to make sure the care providers are aware.Advanced care planning should be completed as it gives people the opportunity to make their wishes and preferences known should they deteriorate and lose the sure all staff and any other professionals are aware and know fully of all the changes and any requirements or adjustments that need to be made such as ways of working, making sure all changes are documented in their personal care plan, in staff communication boo ks, also making sure that all risk assessments are updated, reviewed and changed as needed.Making sure the client has everything that they need to meet their needs to the changes. This also helps everyone to follow the same way of working to support the client when any changes do happen. Some family members/careers may wish to assist with the personal care in acknowledgement of individual wishes, religious or cultural requirements.If it is down to the staff to carry out this task then the Staff should be Prepared before they do this as there are changes to the body after death and they should also be aware of manual handling and infection control issues. Some people may not want their family or staff to do so, once the patient has died you should refer to their plan of care to see and follow their wishes if any after death.In private nursing homes the personal care after death is the responsibility of a registered nurse, although this and the packing of the property may be delegated to a trained healthcare assistant. The registered nurse is responsible for correctly identifying the deceased person and communicating accurately with the mortuary or funeral director (in line with local policy). In care homes without a registered nurse, he home manager is responsible for ensuring that professional careers are trained appropriately and to ensure that they are competent in their role.The death should be documented straight away the time the date and the people that are present, this also has to be reported to the care quality commission within 24 hours. After the persons death the Last offices should be carried out or some people may call it Personal care after death, two members of staff should carry out last offices but this can only be done once the death has been officially confirmed. The staff should ear all protective equipment such as gloves and apron when carrying out last offices.There is a a list of national guidelines, policies and legislations that are r equired after a death they are – Health and Safety at work act 1974 Control of substances hazardous to health regulations 2002 (COACH) Code of Conduct Health and social care act 2008 It is always important that the care plan is referred to before after death as the client may have left their wishes and preference that they would like to be carried out and these should always be followed, as the client may have requested that they would ay have requested that their belongings should be given to a charity or some kept with them and many more examples but the point is that their wishes should always be respected and followed.All staff knows and are fully aware that when a client has passed that all procedures in place must be followed when handling the decease and moving their belongings, gloves and aprons must be worn, all of their personal belongings such as bedding, bed cloths and clothing should be disposed of in the correct way. Everyone is different to how they react to so mebody passing, there are different types f ways such as- Emotional- Sadness, anger, blame, depression and loneliness. Physical- Weakness in muscles, hollowness in stomach, tightness in throat and shortness of breath. Cognitive- A person may experience mental difficulties, such as poor concentration, forgetfulness and day dreaming.Behavioral- Some people may react by crying, loss of interest and withdrawal. Spiritual- They may start to question their spiritual beliefs but others may find solace. When telling family or friends that their loved one has passed you have to be repaired for different types of reactions as above, people should always be allowed to spend time by the deceased and their privacy should always be respected. Offering a cup of tea and going into a quiet space where they will not be disturbed so that they can talk about what happens next, sometimes people may find it hard to absorb any information so the care staff should write up a simple and clear guide for them .When talking or telling close family or friends you should always use good listening skills show empathy, always make yourself available and give people time to express themselves and talk, offer any help to register death or organize a funeral or even Just offer any advice. In a care setting the rest of the house should be told what has happened and this should not be hidden from them as they all have the right to know, they should all be told in a tactful and sensitive way. Offer support and let them know that staff will always be available if they feel they need to talk. Family or People in a care setting all have the right to be told and known about bereavement support services that are available to them.When a person dies majority or all staff care workers often experience grief, staff can attend the funeral or pay their respects in some way, by attending the funeral this will allow people to express grief and maybe bring closure. People may actively grieve by crying and it is acceptable to cry and let others know that the person will be missed, some people may be tearful or stressed then they should take time out in a quiet area. Talk to others as they might be feeling the same way as you. There is also career's support groups that are available that help yourself or staff bereavement charities or if this doesn't help you can get specialist support from your